The Counter-Reformation (also known as the Catholic Reformation, 1545 to c. 1700) was the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation (1517-1648). [95] The following outcomes of the Reformation regarding human capital formation, the Protestant ethic, economic development, governance, and "dark" outcomes have been identified by scholars:[39], Margaret C. Jacob argues that there has been a dramatic shift in the historiography of the Reformation. His "Ordinances" of 1541 involved a collaboration of Church affairs with the City council and consistory to bring morality to all areas of life. Powerful and remarkably well written, The Reformation is possibly the finest available introduction to this hugely important chapter in religious and political history. Ultimately Pope Clement VII refused the petition; consequently it became necessary for the King to assert his lordship over the church in his realm to give legal effect to his wishes. The Reformation has been credited as a key factor in the formation of transnational advocacy movements. Following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope, the work and writings of John Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various churches in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. For these intellectuals, the historical quest was thus part of a quest to locate national interests within the broader political and religious changes that took place in Europe, and in Germany in particular. As the number of Protestants in France increased, the number of heretics in prisons awaiting trial also grew. In which John Green teaches you about the Protestant Reformation. Movements had been made towards a Reformation prior to Martin Luther, so some Protestants, such as Landmark Baptists, and the tradition of the Radical Reformation prefer to credit the start of the Reformation to reformers such as Arnold of Brescia, Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, Petr Chelick, and Girolamo Savonarola. It began during the period of the council of Trent and ended with European wars of Religion. It covered the following five areas: Doctrine (ideology) Ecclesiastical or Structural Reconfiguration Religious orders Spiritual Movements Political Dimensions The Counter-Reformation began after Martin Luther 's Reformation. [53] Frederick initially pledged to persecute Lutherans,[54] yet he quickly adopted a policy of protecting Lutheran preachers and reformers, of whom the most famous was Hans Tausen. Teter, Magda. No core of Protestantism emerged. This argument is best articulated in Robert Bireley's The Refashioning of Catholicism. The rulers of the nation stressed political, cultural, and religious unity, and by the time of the Lutheran Reformation, the Spanish Inquisition was already 40 years old and had the capability of quickly persecuting any new movement that the leaders of the Catholic Church perceived or interpreted to be religious heterodoxy. Back then, Slovakia used to be a part of the Kingdom of Hungary. The term includes Thomas Mntzer, Andreas Karlstadt, the Zwickau prophets, and Anabaptists like the Hutterites and Mennonites. [15] Wycliffe was posthumously condemned as a heretic and his corpse exhumed and burned in 1428. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Reformation-Causes-and-Effects. Five of the most violent moments of the Reformation [19][bettersourceneeded] In response to papal corruption, particularly the sale of indulgences, Luther wrote The Ninety-Five Theses. They clarified and defended Catholic teachings. Counter-Reformation used both coercion and institutional reform to retain its ecclesiastical control of Christendom. The document sparked a religious revolution across Europe and . Protestant teachings were smuggled into Spain by Spaniards such as Julin Hernndez, who in 1557 was condemned by the Inquisition and burnt at the stake. While much of his career was spent furthering the cause of church reform, he became fascinated with the subject of religious art in particular. A. worked to spread the ideas and teachings of John Calvin across Europe. The Catholic Reformation was the movement within the Catholic Church to renew the doctrinal, spiritual, moral . PDF {EBOOK} The Early Reformation On The Continent Oxford History Of The The Habsburg-sanctioned Counter-Reformation efforts in the 17th century reconverted the majority of the kingdom to Catholicism. Zwingli, inspired by Dutch theologian Cornelius Hoen, believed that the Communion bread was only representative and memorialChrist was not present. [90], Six princes of the Holy Roman Empire and rulers of fourteen Imperial Free Cities, who issued a protest (or dissent) against the edict of the Diet of Speyer (1529), were the first individuals to be called Protestants. [51] Luther became so angry that he famously carved into the meeting table in chalk Hoc Est Corpus Meuma Biblical quotation from the Last Supper meaning "This is my body". Key events of the period include: Diet of Worms (1521), formation of the Lutheran Duchy of Prussia (1525), English Reformation (1529 onwards), the Council of Trent (154563), the Peace of Augsburg (1555), the excommunication of Elizabeth I (1570), Edict of Nantes (1598) and Peace of Westphalia (1648). The Counter-Reformation was the label for the Roman Catholic revival of the sixteenth century. Reformation, Counter-Reformation, and the Modern Period They fled first to Holland, and then later to America to establish the English colony of Massachusetts in New England, which later became one of the original United States. Reformation - Wikipedia Corrections? In May 1559, sixteen Spanish Lutherans were burnt at the stake: fourteen were strangled before being burnt, while two were burnt alive. During this time as the issue of religious faith entered into the arena of politics, Francis came to view the movement as a threat to the kingdom's stability. Luther survived after being declared an outlaw due to the protection of Elector Frederick the Wise. Following the Affair of the Placards, culprits were rounded up, at least a dozen heretics were put to death, and the persecution of Protestants increased. The 1530 Augsburg Confession concluded that "in doctrine and ceremonies nothing has been received on our part against Scripture or the Church Catholic", and even after the Council of Trent, Martin Chemnitz published the 156573 Examination of the Council of Trent[5] as an attempt to prove that Trent innovated on doctrine while the Lutherans were following in the footsteps of the Church Fathers and Apostles.[6][7]. Jews and Heretics in Catholic Poland: A Beleaguered Church in the Post-Reformation Era. Higher capability in reading, numeracy, essay writing, and history. The Reformation in Ireland was a movement for the reform of religious life and institutions that was introduced into Ireland by the English administration at the behest of King Henry VIII of England. Beginning in Germany and Switzerland in the 16th century, the Radical Reformation developed radical Protestant churches throughout Europe. Improved training and education for some Roman Catholic priests. While the Anabaptist movement enjoyed popularity in the region in the early decades of the Reformation, Calvinism, in the form of the Dutch Reformed Church, became the dominant Protestant faith in the country from the 1560s onward. Practically every work of art depicted biblical themes. [citation needed]. Simul justus et peccator implied that although people could improve, no one could become good enough to earn forgiveness from God. Two churches with Hussite roots are now the second and third biggest churches among the largely agnostic peoples: Czech Brethren (which gave origin to the international church known as the Moravian Church) and the Czechoslovak Hussite Church. A separate Protestant community, of the Lutheran faith, existed in the newly conquered province of Alsace, its status not affected by the Edict of Fontainebleau. [58] In 1534, the Act of Supremacy recognised Henry as "the only Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England". The Counter-Reformation Quiz 100% Flashcards | Quizlet A challenge to the Church in Rome. The theses debated and criticised the Church and the papacy, but concentrated upon the selling of indulgences and doctrinal policies about purgatory, particular judgment, and the authority of the pope. MARTIN LUTHER AND THE LUTHERAN REFORMATION The Start of the This changed in 1534 with the Affair of the Placards. seminaries should be established to train priests. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. He dramatised Luther's views on the relationship between the Old and New Testaments, while remaining mindful of Luther's careful distinctions about proper and improper uses of visual imagery. [87] However, there are a few popular interpretations. Yet, at a popular level, religion in England was still in a state of flux. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. This massacre was perhaps the most notorious episode of religious violence of the Reformation era. The Protestant Reformation [1517 - 1648]: Background, Counter - BYJUS Luther strengthened his attacks on Rome by depicting a "good" against "bad" church. The Wars of the Reformation began with the Knights' Revolt of 1522-1523, followed by the German Peasants' Revolt in 1524-1525, the Eighty Years' War in 1566-1648, the French Wars of Religion . ", Pettegree and Hall "Reformation and the Book, D. Densil Morgan, "Calvinism in Wales: c. 15901909,", Church "Literature of the Italian reformation", History of Lutheranism The start of the Reformation, Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences, Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants, Bible translated into High German by Luther, Luther's translation of the Bible into High German, spread of literacy in early modern Germany, list of states by the date of adoption of the Reformation, adoption years for the Augsburg Confession, History of Austria Austria in the Reformation and Counter-Reformation (15171564), Reformation in Denmark-Norway and Holstein, Religion in Norway From Reformation to 1964, Religion in Sweden Lutheran Reformation, Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland Part of the Church of Sweden, History of the Faroe Islands Reformation era, List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation, Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg, History of Spain Phillip II and the wars of religion, History of Latvia German period, 11851561, Dimitrije Ljubavi Reformation: Lutherans and Serbs, History of Christianity in Romania Reformation, Reformation PolishLithuanian_Commonwealth, Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (14531821) cite ref-ZAKYTHINOS108 127-0, Protestantism and Islam Mutual tolerance, Jeremias II of Constantinople The Greek Augsburg Confession, resistance theory in the Early Modern period, United States Declaration of Independence, The Reformation and its influence on church architecture, Martin Chemnitz on the Doctrine of Justification, Martin Chemnitz's views on Trent: the genesis and the genius of the Examen Concilii Tridentini, "Martin Luther, Bible Translation, and the German Language", "Media, Markets and Institutional Change: Evidence from the Protestant Reformation", "Causes and Consequences of the Protestant Reformation", "Adopting a New Religion: the Case of Protestantism in 16th Century Germany", "An Economic Analysis of the Protestant Reformation", Malthus Meets Luther: the Economics Behind the German Reformation, "Multiplex Network Ties and the Spatial Diffusion of Radical Innovations: Martin Luther's Leadership in the Early Reformation", "America's dark and not-very-distant history of hating Catholics", Mary Dyer of Rhode Island: The Quaker Martyr That Was Hanged on Boston, "The Church in Wales: The Protestant Reformation", "Primo Trubar v enciklopedijah in leksikonih I", "Nova odkritja o slovenski protestantiki", "protestant Origin and meaning of protestant by Online Etymology Dictionary", "Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact", "Under which conditions does religion affect educational outcomes? Choose one of these movements and discuss the influence of political, spiritual, or cultural aspects of the movement as well as any subsequent strife (warfare and other forms of violence). letter correspondents, visits, former students) and trade routes.[46]. Some followers of Zwingli believed that the Reformation was too conservative and moved independently toward more radical positions, some of which survive among modern day Anabaptists. Mary I earned the nickname "Bloody Mary" because she C. persecuted Protestants. [62] In 1647, Massachusetts passed a law prohibiting any Jesuit Roman Catholic priests from entering territory under Puritan jurisdiction. Cities with strong cults of saints were less likely to adopt Protestantism. Notable reformers included Dr. Juan Gil and Juan Prez de Pineda who subsequently fled and worked alongside others such as Francisco de Enzinas to translate the Greek New Testament into the Spanish language, a task completed by 1556. Northern Europe, with the exception of most of Ireland, came under the influence of Protestantism. Upon Lucaris's death in 1638, the conservative factions within the Eastern Orthodox Church held two synods: the Synod of Constantinople (1638) and Synod of Iai (1642) criticising the reforms and, in the 1672 convocation led by Dositheos, they officially condemned the Calvinistic doctrines. It is also considered to be one of the events that signified the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern period in Europe.[2]. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Counter-Reformation Income differences between Protestants and Catholics. England had already given rise to the Lollard movement of John Wycliffe, which played an important part in inspiring the Hussites in Bohemia. Higher public spending on schooling and better educational performance of military conscripts. All of Scandinavia ultimately adopted Lutheranism over the course of the 16th century, as the monarchs of Denmark (who also ruled Norway and Iceland) and Sweden (who also ruled Finland) converted to that faith. Gudziak, Borys A. Let me propose three: 1 . This challenge to Papal supremacy resulted in a breach with the Roman Catholic Church. The priesthood of all believers downplayed the need for saints or priests to serve as mediators, and mandatory clerical celibacy was ended. The Catholic Reformation was a religious movement that transpired in the 1500s throughout Europe. Calvinism was popular among the Hungarians who inhabited the southernmost parts of what is now Slovakia. It is usually dated from the Council of Trent in 1545 to the end of the Great Turkish War in 1699, but according to some scholars, it continued afterwards and is ongoing in the present day. Molinism presented a soteriology similar to Protestants within the Roman Catholic Church. Bohemia later also elected two Protestant kings (George of Podbrady, Frederick of Palatine). G. Reformation and Counter Reformation Print section Reformers of different kindsincluding John Wycliffe, John Huss (Jan Hus), and Girolamo Savonaroladenounced the moral laxity and financial corruption that had infected the church "in its members and in its head" and called for radical change. As Queen of Navarre, Jeanne III commissioned the translation of the New Testament into Basque[d] and Barnese for the benefit of her subjects. Cities that had higher numbers of students enrolled in heterodox universities and lower numbers enrolled in orthodox universities were more likely to adopt Protestantism. After the 1526 Battle of Mohcs, the Hungarian people were disillusioned by the inability of the government to protect them and turned to the faith they felt would infuse them with the strength necessary to resist the invader. During the Reformation era Protestantism was unsuccessful in Portugal, as its spread was frustrated for similar reasons to those in Spain. Atrocity and outrage became the defining characteristics of the time, illustrated at their most intense in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of August 1572, when the Catholic party killed between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. Counter-Reformation - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Peace of Augsburg ended the conflict between. However, the Lutheran Church traditionally sees itself as the "main trunk of the historical Christian Tree" founded by Christ and the Apostles, holding that during the Reformation, the Church of Rome fell away. Those who fled to England were given support by the Church of England. Even though the majority of the nobility were Catholic circa 1700, Protestants remained in these lands and pockets of Protestantism could be found outside the German-speaking lands of the former PolishLithuanian Commonwealth into the 20th century. The later Puritan movement, often referred to as dissenters and nonconformists, eventually led to the formation of various Reformed denominations. Updates? The Counter-Reformation was a period of spiritual, moral, and intellectual revival in the Catholic Church in the 16th and 17th centuries, usually dated from 1545 (the opening of the Council of Trent) to 1648 (the end of the Thirty Years' War). After the Peace of Augsburg, which religion was officially recognized in many German states? The vested interest thus created made for a powerful force in support of the dissolution. The apostolic succession was retained in Sweden during the Reformation. Zwingli was a scholar and preacher who moved to Zrichthe then-leading city statein 1518, a year after Martin Luther began the Reformation in Germany with his Ninety-five Theses. D. involved the creation of new practices and . Historical Context for The Protestant Reformation Which list states events from the English Reformation in the correct order? The Radical Reformation was the response to what was believed to be the corruption in both the Roman Catholic Church and the Magisterial Reformation. The Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic reforms initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation. [91] Today, Protestantism constitutes the second-largest form of Christianity (after Catholicism), with a total of 800million to 1billion adherents worldwide or about 37% of all Christians. In the end, while the Reformation emphasis on Protestants reading the Scriptures was one factor in the development of literacy, the impact of printing itself, the wider availability of printed works at a cheaper price, and the increasing focus on education and learning as key factors in obtaining a lucrative post, were also significant contributory factors. Write the letter of the choice that gives the sentence a meaning that is closest to the original sentence. Leaders of the Protestants included Mtys Dvai Br, Mihly Sztrai, Istvn Szegedi Kis, and Ferenc Dvid. The different character of the English Reformation came rather from the fact that it was driven initially by the political necessities of Henry VIII. The Reformation spread throughout Europe beginning in 1517, reaching its peak between 1545 and 1620. Lollardy was suppressed and became an underground movement, so the extent of its influence in the 1520s is difficult to assess. The Deluge, a 20-year period of almost continual warfare, marked the turning point in attitudes. Although the Thirty Years' War concluded with the Peace of Westphalia, the French Wars of the Counter-Reformation continued, as well as the expulsion of Protestants in Austria. The diversity of Reformation political thought also emerged over the issue of whether secular authorities should play a positive, even a leading role in the renewal of Christianity to which Protestant reformers were committed. Choose one of these movements and discuss the influence of political, spiritual, or cultural aspects of the movement as well as any subsequent strife (warfare and other forms of violence). The Reformation had to be a political event. By the Copenhagen recess of October 1536, the authority of the Catholic bishops was terminated.[55]. Crisis and Reform: The Kyivan Metropolitanate, the Patriarchate of Constantinople, and the Genesis of the Union of Brest. 3 Chapter 3: The Counter Reformation ~ Reaffirmation and Renewal Illustrations in the German Bible and in many tracts popularised Luther's ideas. The former settled in the Vistula Delta where they used their agricultural abilities to turn parts of the delta into plodders. The translation had a significant impact upon the Welsh population and helped to firmly establish Protestantism among the Welsh people. In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Christians began to openly criticize the Roman Catholic Church for teaching things contrary to the Bible. The Reformation, which began in Germany but spread quickly throughout Europe, was initiated in response to the growing sense of corruption and administrative abuse in the church. Mannerism | Boundless Art History | | Course Hero Columbia Southern University Protestantism in England - Studypool [59] Between 1535 and 1540, under Thomas Cromwell, the policy known as the Dissolution of the Monasteries was put into effect. The Counter-Reformation The Church initially ignored Martin Luther, but Luther's ideas (and variations of them, including Calvinism) quickly spread throughout Europe. In the early 16th century, Spain had a different political and cultural milieu from its Western and Central European neighbours in several respects, which affected the mentality and the reaction of the nation towards the Reformation. [65] Nevertheless, it was not until the mid-19th century that celebrating Christmas became fashionable in the Boston region. Anabaptist movements were especially persecuted following the German Peasants' War. By 1530, over 10,000 publications are known, with a total of ten million copies. Historians began to concentrate on the values, beliefs and behavior of the people at large. Reform writers used existing styles, cliches and stereotypes which they adapted as needed. He would later in the period 15171521 write works on devotion to Virgin Mary, the intercession of and devotion to the saints, the sacraments, mandatory clerical celibacy, and later on the authority of the pope, the ecclesiastical law, censure and excommunication, the role of secular rulers in religious matters, the relationship between Christianity and the law, good works, and monasticism. In Knigsberg (now Kaliningrad), in 1530, a Polish-language edition of Luther's Small Catechism was published. During the Thirty Years' War, Royal (Habsburg) Hungary joined the Catholic side, until Transylvania joined the Protestant side. Counter-Reformation - World History Encyclopedia [74] In response to the Edict of Fontainebleau, Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg declared the Edict of Potsdam (October 1685), giving free passage to Huguenot refugees and tax-free status to them for ten years. Some of these, like the use of local language as the liturgical language, were approved by the pope as early as in the 9th century. The Reformation was very insignificant in what is now Moldova and saw single congregations of Hussitism and Calvinism being founded across Besserabia. As it was led by a Bohemian noble majority, and recognised, for some time, by the Basel Compacts, the Hussite Reformation was Europe's first "Magisterial Reformation" because the ruling magistrates supported it, unlike the "Radical Reformation", which the state did not support. It was more of a movement among the German people between 1517 and 1525, and then also a political one beginning in 1525. Although Protestantism triumphed relatively easily in Scotland, the exact form of Protestantism remained to be determined. Protestant worship services in the local language rather than Latin. The term Counter-Reformationdenotes the period of Catholicrevival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IVin 1560 to the close of the Thirty Years' War, 1648. With the Counter Reformation, the church dedicated itself against protestants. The Protest Of Reformation: The Protest Of Reformation And | ipl.org This agreement granted religious toleration to all nobles: peasants living on nobile estates did not receive the same protections.
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