Henry Tudor, named after his father, Henry VII, was born by Elizabeth of York June 28, 1491 in Greenwich Palace. [citation needed], Henry's most successful diplomatic achievement as regards the economy was the Magnus Intercursus ("great agreement") of 1496. To be notified of special offers, news, new courses, and new tutors, please subscribe to our newsletter. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. The baby died and Elizabeth, herself, died on 11th February 1503, her 37th birthday. [35] In 1499, Henry had the Earl of Warwick executed. Happy 14th Birthday to the Anne Boleyn Files! Penn notes something else about the paeans on the son's accession: later in the Tudor period, apologists for the regime would remember Henry VII as the restorer of national peace and unity, but in 1509 it was the king's death, not his rule, that was held to have ended a long era of dark instability. What are the differences between Henry VII and Henry VIII? Henry the older was lean and shriveled, rigid with prudence, empty of any hunger other than a desire to secure his throne through the acquisition of cash. [69] The wedding never took place, and the physical description Henry sent with his ambassadors of what he desired in a new wife matched the description of his wife Elizabeth. Sometimes when reading nonfiction of this type, I never know if it is going to be dry and dull or not. [36] However, he spared Warwick's elder sister Margaret, who survived until 1541 when she was executed by Henry VIII. [58], Henry's principal problem was to restore royal authority in a realm recovering from the Wars of the Roses. The house of York then appeared so firmly established that Henry seemed likely to remain in exile for the rest of his life. The rebels were defeated (June 1487) in a hard-fought battle at Stoke (East Stoke, near Newark in Nottinghamshire), where the doubtful loyalty of some of the royal troops was reminiscent of Richard IIIs difficulties at Bosworth. Why is this ambitious? Henry VIII, (born June 28, 1491, Greenwich, near London, Englanddied January 28, 1547, London), king of England (1509-47) who presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation. It is not known precisely where Cabot landed, but he was eventually rewarded with a pension from the king; it is presumed that Cabot perished at sea after a later unsuccessful expedition. It was presented by historian Thomas Penn, author of Winter King and was an excellent examination of the King who, as Penn pointed out, tend to be eclipsed by Richard III, the glamour and notoriety of Henry VIII and the charisma of Elizabeth I. She was Edward's heir since the presumed death of her brothers, the Princes in the Tower, King Edward V and Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York. He had a populist touch and his reign started with pardons, reforms and justice. In 1622 Francis Bacon published his History of the Reign of King Henry VII. Henry came to the throne following the death of his father, Henry VII. Shakespeare later turned to Henry's son and successor Henry VIII, whose rule brought marital sensation, renaissance spectacle and the reformation. Inadvertently, he provoked a revolution. This was accomplished through the targeted imposition of fines and bonds through extrajudicial councils. Henry then consolidated his reign with magnificent architecture, an opulent household and money. If you are new the era, this wouldn't the first book I would pick up because it does flip flop around a bit in the beginning-but if you want to understand the players that ultimately have a significant impact on Henry VIII, this is the book for you. Rarely was a father's reign so widely disparaged and disowned on the accession of the son. He cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV. Poor Henry VII. He spent his entire reign fixated on eliminating or disarming his enemies, and stabilizing England after the bloody, seemingly endless War of the Roses. Henry VIII had become heir to the throne when his elder brother, Arthur, died in 1502. He took care not to address the baronage or summon Parliament until after his coronation, which took place in Westminster Abbey on 30 October 1485. Elizabeth did get pregnant, but then went into premature labour. The Winter King is also the title of a book by Thomas Penn, and a useful read. It was a fantastic programme and I highly recommend Thomas Penns book on Henry VII Winter King. The Great Debasement - Wikipedia By the way, dont forget that Ian Mortimers Time Travellers Guide to Elizabethan England is on tonight on BBC2 at 9pm. Unfortunately, since all I really wanted to know about was learning about Henry the 7th and his family as people - the things that happened to them, what kind of people they were, etc. Why was Henry VII called the Winter King? - AnswersAll Henry attained the throne when his forces defeated King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. [65] Henry VII was shattered by the loss of Elizabeth, and her death impacted him severely. [72] Immediately afterwards, Henry became very sick and nearly died himself, allowing only his mother Margaret Beaufort near him: "privily departed to a solitary place, and would that no man should resort unto him. "[73] Further compounding Henry's distress, his older daughter Margaret had previously been betrothed to King James IV of Scotland and within months of her mother's death she had to be escorted to the border by her father: he would never see her again. Henry VII was the founder of the Tudor dynasty and father of Henry VIII and Ive been doing a bit of digging on this lesser known Tudor. Sophia Money-Coutts: Sensitivity readers don't want Henry VIII to be The usurpation of Richard III (1483), however, split the Yorkist party and gave Henry his opportunity. [13] When the Yorkist Edward IV regained the throne in 1471, Henry fled with other Lancastrians to Brittany. Luther gained support for his ideas and Europe became . Henry VII ruled from 1485-1509 and had a dubious claim on the throne, spending most of his time before the famous Battle of Bosworth Field in exile and gaining credibility from his marriage to Elizabeth of York. His account of Henry's government is more contentious than he lets on. [18] He was welcomed by the French, who readily supplied him with troops and equipment for a second invasion. Henry VII died on 21 April 1509, and the 17-year-old Henry succeeded him as king. Corrections? No. They overrode all the usual legal processed and acted with complete impunity. One of the councils prominent members was Edmund Dudley, a man who helped Henry by enforcing the Kings legal rights, finding old laws to use against people and stretching the law to its limits. The last few years of his reign were ones of repression. Why is Henry VIII's Tomb So Small When His Life Was So Very Opulent? 'Winter King,' a Portrait of Henry VII - The New York Times Indeed he was born in winter, on January 28th 1457, in Pembroke Castle, in Wales and that is one of the reasons why the Welsh dragon always formed part of his insignia. After his death, a commission found widespread abuses in the tax collection process. The author does a good job drawing on his sources and bringing the characters to life while staying true to the history, but the subject matter is just not inherently as sexy as Henry VIIIs or Elizabeth Is reigns. Author of, Assistant Master and Professor of History, Selwyn College, University of Cambridge. After the Holy Roman Emperor . After Wolf Hall, I wanted to find out about Henry VII, the lesser-studied father of Henry VIII, who founded the Tudor Dynasty. Watch Henry VII: The Winter King | Prime Video - amazon.com Here was a young man who enjoyed jousting, who enjoyed chatting with the other knights in the tiltyard and with people of low degree. He likens the beginning of Henry VIII's reign to a metaphorical spring, a second coming of sorts because Henry VIII seemed to be the opposite of his father. Stanley placed Richards circlet on Henrys head, he was now King. [citation needed], All Acts of Parliament were overseen by the justices of the peace. Overblown prose trumpeting his reign seemed to be the order of the day. In turn, Antwerp became an extremely important trade entrept (transshipment port), through which, for example, goods from the Baltic, spices from the east and Italian silks were exchanged for English cloth. [34], When the King's agents searched the property of William Stanley (Chamberlain of the Household, with direct access to Henry VII) they found a bag of coins amounting to around 10,000 and a collar of livery with Yorkist garnishings. Henry VII can look a dull king, so dull that Thomas Penn's title omits his name. While there, he feigned stomach cramps and delayed his departure long enough to miss the tides. Anyone perceived to have any potential political power or social capital was rendered deeply indebted to the crown and at risk of complete financial ruin upon the whim of the king and his councillors. Hed achieved the impossible, hed risen from refugee to King of England. He had unified the kingdom, accrued immense wealth and created the most notorious dynasty in English history: the Tudors. [64] This made Henry VII's second son, Henry, Duke of York, heir apparent to the throne. His first son and heir apparent, Arthur, Prince of Wales, died suddenly at Ludlow Castle, very likely from a viral respiratory illness known at the time as the "English sweating sickness". In response to this threat within his own household, the King instituted more rigid security for access to his person. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. That was to prevent the King of France capturing him and letting him loose on the English as a rival. [54], Henry VII was much enriched by trading alum, which was used in the wool and cloth trades as a chemical fixative for dyeing fabrics. Please check your email to confirm your subscription. He led attempted invasions of Ireland in 1491 and England in 1495, and persuaded James IV of Scotland to invade England in 1496. However, with the help of the forces of his step-father, Lord Stanley, he defeated Richard and Richard was killed on the battlefield. At the same time, Flemish merchants were ejected from England. Henry VII The Winter King is also the title of a book by Thomas Penn, and a useful read. 1517. He had gone from a refugee landing on an isolated beach in Wales to being a great king. However, King Henry the VIII was much more self-centered as most of his spending was inappropriate and did not benefit England much. He was probably baptised at St Mary's Church, Pembroke,[1] though no documentation of the event exists. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Quite ambitious in nature, Thomas Penn attempts to write a portrait of Henry VII and his reign. On one side of the coin, instead of a profile of his face, there was a full length depiction of Henry sat on his throne with his crown and sceptre. At any rate, the Wars of the Roses had ended with a victory by which the winner took all, and regardless of his somewhat dubious Plantagenet ancestry. Anne Boleyn | Biography, Children, Portrait, Death, & Facts - Britannica Elizabeth of York was Queen consort of England as spouse of King Henry VII from 1486 until her death on February 11th, 1503. 8 Things You May Not Know About Henry VIII - HISTORY [citation needed], Henry also made some political capital out of his Welsh ancestry in attracting military support and safeguarding his army's passage through Wales on its way to the Battle of Bosworth. In many ways, it highlights that Henry VIII was a feckless inheritor of the tools of Machiavellian power, but had no idea to what productive end to put them. Henry then cemented his claim to the throne and his dynastic ambitions by marrying Elizabeth of York and bringing the Houses of Lancaster and York together; the red rose and white rose combined to become the Tudor rose. Happy St Davids Day! [citation needed] Loyalty was ensured, and the nobility was effectively neuteredand Henry became the richest monarch in Europe. Henry VII comes across as a talented micromanager and financier. His dynasty was hanging by a thread and all his hopes had to rest on his youngest son, Henry, and Elizabeth of York producing another son, a spare. Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [5], The descent of Henry's mother, Margaret, through the legitimised House of Beaufort bolstered Henry's claim to the English throne. In my never-ending quest to read possibly every single published book on the Tudor monarchy, I spied this little gem a few weeks ago and picked it up. He was the last king of England to win . This approach raised puzzling questions about similarities and differences in the development of national states. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-VII-king-of-England, Spartacus Educational - Biography of Henry VII, English Monarchs - Biography of Henry VII, Henry VII - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Henry VII - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). He rewrote history by backdating his reign to 21st August 1485, the day before the Battle of Bosworth Field. I thought the book was well written, even though a bit dry is spots. Iain Hollingshead reviews Henry VII: Winter King, a BBC Two documentary which examines how the first Tudor monarch came to power and went on to have a 23-year reign. Royal Collection Trust At the summit, even dinnerware testified to its owner's status. [81], Henry VII and Elizabeth had seven children:[b]. Henry VII: The Winter King (95) 59min 2013 PG. Lincoln was killed in battle and Henry was victorious. He stabilised the government's finances by introducing several new taxes. The first rising, that of Lord Lovell, Richard IIIs chamberlain, in 1486 was ill-prepared and unimportant, but in 1487 came the much more serious revolt of Lambert Simnel. [12], Henry lived in the Herbert household until 1469, when Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick (the "Kingmaker"), went over to the Lancastrians. [citation needed], After 1503, records show the Tower of London was never again used as a royal residence by Henry VII, and all royal births under Henry VIII took place in palaces. Reasonably interesting overview of the reign of Henry VII of England. [51], Henry VII was one of the first European monarchs to recognise the importance of the newly united Spanish kingdom; he concluded the Treaty of Medina del Campo, by which his son Arthur, Prince of Wales, was married to Catherine of Aragon. The father's government was an exercise in discoloration. [citation needed] Henry also formed an alliance with Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (14931519) and persuaded Pope Innocent VIII to issue a papal bull of excommunication against all pretenders to Henry's throne. Here is a rundown of the programme for those who missed it. In 1485, history was about to be changed for ever by a man who was a refugee, a fugitive whod spent half his life on the run and with barely a claim to the throne: Henry Tudor. 4. [19] He marched toward England accompanied by his uncle Jasper and John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford. Henry VII, also called (145785) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (14851509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. I couldn't even stay awake reading this. Several of Richard's key allies, such as Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, and also Lord Stanley and his brother William, crucially switched sides or left the battlefield. Thomas Penn's Winter King is not really a biography of Henry VII, and more a study of what he was directing his government to do in his name. Warbeck won the support of Edward IV's sister Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy. If Penn's interpretation can sometimes seem slanted, its exposition would be hard to over-praise. Overspending by Henry VIII to pay for his lavish lifestyle and to fund foreign wars with France and Scotland are cited as . Claire is going live on YouTube on 11 February! Henry responded to this threat by embedding spies into households. Why did the nobility accept the curtailment of the military power it had wielded in the wars of the roses and swallow the elevation of upstarts at Henry's court? Moneywise, King Henry the VII was frugal and careful with money. Much of the ruthless machinery of control was designed to deal with ongoing challenged like pretenders and Yorkist sleepers and expats. [49] The confused, fractious nature of Breton politics undermined his efforts, which finally failed after three sizeable expeditions, at a cost of 24,000. In 1621 Francis Bacon's history of the reign called Henry "a dark prince, and infinitely suspicious". By this marriage, Henry VII hoped to break the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France. Philip died shortly after the negotiations. By 1600 historians emphasised Henry's wisdom in drawing lessons in statecraft from other monarchs. For instance, except for the first few months of the reign, the Baron Dynham and the Earl of Surrey were the only Lord High Treasurers throughout his reign. Otherwise, at the time of his father's arranging of the marriage to Catherine of Aragon, the future Henry VIII was too young to contract the marriage according to Canon Law and would be ineligible until age fourteen. Up to a point, he succeeded. Well written and really interesting about an often ignored king. He was a ruler to be feared, a ruler to be paid. Since we are in the middle of winter, Ive been thinking of a volume on my shelves on Henry VII, who could be called the Winter King. I found this really interesting, but Im a history nut. On the other side of the coin, instead of the cross, was a Tudor rose and the arms of England. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. ||Wordpress installation and design by http://www.MadeGlobal.com, FREE Anne Boleyn Henry VII | Biography & Facts | Britannica Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. [33], In 1490, a young Fleming, Perkin Warbeck, appeared and claimed to be Richard of Shrewsbury, the younger of the "Princes in the Tower". ), Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_VII_of_England&oldid=1141813382, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2021, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2021, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles needing additional references from October 2020, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Katherine (2 February 1503 10 February 1503), This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 23:16. Next month find out more on someone known as The Winter Queen! The father's government was an exercise in discoloration. For me, history is alive and energizing - not something static and remote. [25][80], Historians have always compared Henry VII with his continental contemporaries, especially Louis XI of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon. Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of the Lancastrian branch of the House of Plantagenet. So Henry was a valuable bargaining tool, whose fate always depended on what relations were between England and France, always tainted by the recent Hundred Years War, and how Brittany sought to ward off threats to its own independence. Philip had been shipwrecked on the English coast, and while Henry's guest, was bullied into an agreement so favourable to England at the expense of the Netherlands that it was dubbed the Malus Intercursus ("evil agreement"). [67], Henry made half-hearted plans to remarry and beget more heirs, but these never came to anything. He became paranoid and made the decision that if his people couldnt love him then they should fear him. Henry VII was born on 28 January 1457 at Pembroke Castle, in the English-speaking portion of Pembrokeshire known as Little England beyond Wales. [37], For most of Henry VII's reign Edward Story was Bishop of Chichester. Interesting look at the founder of the Tudor dynesty. In 1501, England had been ravaged for decades by conspiracy, coups . [41] Henry also increased wealth by acquiring land through the act of resumption of 1486 which had been delayed as he focused on defence of the Church, his person and his realm. After his victory at Bosworth Field, Henry married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York. It seems that Henry was skilful at extracting money from his subjects on many pretexts, including that of war with France or war with Scotland. Fittingly he dressed in expensive black. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Henry was devastated. [53] Later on, Henry had exchanged letters with Pope Julius II in 1507, in which he encouraged him to establish peace among Christian realms, and to organise an expedition against the Turks of the Ottoman Empire. The union was both symbolic and necessary. His regime was magnificent, yet terrifying and oppressive. After obtaining the dispensation, Henry had second thoughts about the marriage of his son and Catherine. Watch with Prime The Lancastrian Henry and his Yorkist wife Elizabeth strove to reconcile the factions, but unreconciled Yorkists, to whom he was no more than a usurper, harassed his reign. He invited artists, musicians and scholars to live at his court. But, his enemies didnt agree. His early reign was plagued by pretenders to the throne, giving the new Tudor dynasty a rocky start and a fear of conspiracy which dogged Henry VII throughout his life. Henry marries Catherine of Aragon. Backdating Henry's Reign. He died shortly afterwards in Carmarthen Castle. [citation needed], Henry began taking precautions against rebellion while still in Leicester after Bosworth Field. Winter King: The Dawn of Tudor England by Thomas Penn - review Blair Worden's The English Civil Wars is published by Phoenix. 1509. [59][60][61], He was content to allow the nobles their regional influence if they were loyal to him. The purpose of the agreement was to prevent France from annexing Brittany. [citation needed] Henry had been under the financial and physical protection of the French throne or its vassals for most of his life before becoming king. It was propaganda to spread the message that he was the rightful King. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor.[a]. Edward would have liked to rid himself of Henry, a rival to his throne, but Francis kept Henry safe. He married his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon. Historians debate the extent of Henry's rapacity. (1): (April 24, 1883. However, as France was becoming more concerned with the Italian Wars, the French were happy to agree to the Treaty of Etaples. England had been ravaged for decades by conspiracy, violence, murders, coups and countercoups. The parts on how he abused his position and the law to enrich himself while an entire nation watched helplessly are, frankly, pretty relevant to now. The reigns of his three predecessors were interrupted or foreshortened. He was crowned on October 30 and secured parliamentary recognition of his title early in November. Dydd Gyl Dewi Hapus! [44] Following Henry VII's death, Henry VIII executed Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley, his two most hated tax collectors, on trumped-up charges of treason. Updates? He entertained thoughts of remarriage to renew the alliance with Spain Joanna, Dowager Queen of Naples (a niece of Queen Isabella of Castile), Queen Joanna of Castile, and Margaret, Dowager Duchess of Savoy (sister-in-law of Joanna of Castile), were all considered. Thank you for subscribing. When Henry VII became king, the royal exchequer was effectively bankrupt. Who could have expected that he would rule for 24 years, die in his bed, bequeath the first orderly succession to the throne for nearly a century, and found a famous dynasty? BBC - History - Henry VIII: Majesty with Menace Effectively an orphan, he had spent wretched years as a fugitive in Brittany. He attained the throne when his forces, supported by France, Scotland, and Wales, defeated Edward IV's brother Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. However, this treaty came at a price, as Henry mounted a minor invasion of Brittany in November 1492. Catherine's mother Isabella I of Castile had died and Catherine's sister Joanna had succeeded her; Catherine was, therefore, daughter of only one reigning monarch and so less desirable as a spouse for Henry VII's heir-apparent. I am glad to say that I think it does, for it concentrates on the reign, and court, of Henry VII, giving a different slant to the well known story. Pembroke Castle, and later the Earldom of Pembroke, were granted to the Yorkist William Herbert, who also assumed the guardianship of Margaret Beaufort and the young Henry. Not only was . Richard III's death at Bosworth Field effectively ended the Wars of the Roses. From his victory over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth, to his secret death and the succession of his son Henry VIII, the film reveals the ruthless tactics . He also enacted laws against livery and maintenance, the great lords' practice of having large numbers of "retainers" who wore their lord's badge or uniform and formed a potential private army. He likens the beginning of Henry VIIIs reign to a metaphorical spring, a second coming of sorts because Henry VIII seemed to be the opposite of his father. Gaunt's nephew Richard II legitimised Gaunt's children by Swynford by Letters Patent in 1397. Henry decided to keep Brittany out of French hands, signed an alliance with Spain to that end, and sent 6,000 troops to France. Its restoration by the Magnus Intercursus was very much to England's benefit in removing taxation for English merchants and significantly increasing England's wealth. By subscribing you confirm that you have read and agree to the Privacy Policy [opens in new window] and the Terms & Conditions [opens in new window]. In 1502 the death of his heir Arthur left the dynasty's prospects with Arthur's 10-year-old brother, Henry. The rebellion began in Ireland, where the historically Yorkist nobility, headed by the powerful Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare, proclaimed Simnel king and provided troops for his invasion of England. Henry had only been accepted as King because the Princes in the Tower, the sons of Edward IV, were dead, so when Yorkist exiles groomed Perkin Warbeck to pose as one of the princes and raised an army it was a huge threat. This book was way too focused on what happened, but not so much on the why or why it was important. [a] Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of the Lancastrian branch of the House of Plantagenet. He was supported in this effort by his chancellor, Archbishop John Morton, whose "Morton's Fork" was a catch-22 method of ensuring that nobles paid increased taxes: those nobles who spent little must have saved much, and thus could afford the increased taxes; in contrast, those nobles who spent much obviously had the means to pay the increased taxes. I picked this audiobook up because it was narrated by Simon Vance. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. What freezings have I felt, what dark days seen! Henry VII of England - Wikipedia [10] A contemporary writer and Henry's biographer, Bernard Andr, also made much of Henry's Welsh descent. But Henry had a crucial asset: his queen and their children, the living embodiment of his hoped-for dynasty. Edmund was created Earl of Richmond in 1452, and "formally declared legitimate by Parliament". Stephens, "affords some illustrations of the avaricious and parsimonious character of the king". These bonds were enforced by the Council Learned in the Law, a council of legal advisers who were only answerable to the King. To strengthen his position, however, he subsidised shipbuilding, so strengthening the navy (he commissioned Europe's first ever and the world's oldest surviving dry dock at Portsmouth in 1495) and improving trading opportunities.
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